Capital Market Union: Do We Need One?

Capital Market Union: Do We Need One? Presentation Capital market coordination is definitely not another subject in the EU. It turned out to be anyway squeezing again after the worldwide monetary emergency, that uncovered the constraints of European firms overreliance on banks. The Juncker Commission made CMU one of its leads activities, targeting lessening national discontinuity and hindrances so as to make a superior domain for firms financing. While such a choice can be effortlessly comprehended from a solitary market point of view of examination, the proposed and executed changes so as to set up such a bound together market don't handle profound basic contrasts at the national level, while likewise evading the fortifying of a focal director, subverting the endeavors of harmonization. What is CMU? The possibility of an European Capital Market Union (from that point CMU) was introduced on 15 July 2014 by the prospective President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker tending to the European Parliament[1], in this way embedded in the Commissions needs through the foundation of another Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Market Union[2]. As over and over worried by Juncker, the top need of his administration is to reinforce Europes economy and animate speculation to make employments, preferring a developing of capital market reconciliation and a decrease of the present discontinuity between national outskirts. In the expressions of previous Commissioner Hill, the CMU is tied in with connecting investment funds to development in Europe, Capital market association isn't a curiosity in the combination banter: the free progression of capital is for sure one of the essential standards (the purported four opportunities) on which European reconciliation is based since the settlement of Rome (workmanship. 63 TFUE). During the 1980s a first rush of mix managed harmonization of open contribution and posting points of interest. In 1993 the Investment Service Directive (ISD)[3] was concurred. In the wake of the EMU another influx of blending measures was proposed under the aegis of the Financial Services Action Plan (FSAP), with the desire to build development and lessen subsidizing costs. The highlight was the 2004 Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID)[4], yet it additionally contained estimates managing divulgence and market control. Despite long periods of orchestrating guideline and a typical cash for most EU part states, capital market is as yet divided, coordination frequently lays on a vertical base, not many EU-wide structures have risen in the most recent decade and the most remarkable go-betweens are regularly of US parentage. Europe has battled for a considerable length of time to make a better than average capital market, vigorously depending on bank financing, and the money related emergency has saved and re-divided the scene. A capital market channels cash gave by financial specialists and banks to borrowers through an assortment of instruments, called protections. A focal issue in the improvement of such a market is the data asymmetry among guarantors and financial specialists. As noted in Black (2000), both administrative bodies and self-administrative associations and reputational go-betweens assume a job in ensuring the authorization of straightforwardness of data and right value development. Formal principles are just the start: the genuine test is the immediate and roundabout requirement of new enactment. Method of reasoning for CMU The proposition for CMU can be examined through various focal points, legitimizing its rationale.First and premier, the designation of assets in the real structure of the EU is over-depending on bank advances. While retail banks have a superior information on neighborhood circumstance, frequently giving more data to speculators and borrowers, bank financing isn't generally the most effective route for dynamic and exceptionally developing venture to subsidize themselves. In addition, because of the expanded capital necessity for banks after the monetary emergency and the challenges experienced by certain banks with respect to their accounting reports and the inclination over sovereign obligations of their nation of origin, financing openings have diminished. National fracture and the predisposition for national portfolios lessen the open doors for cross-outskirt subsidizing, entangling the manner in which speculators and borrowers can address their issues. At long last particularly important for the Eurozone upgraded money related reconciliation go about as a private hazard sharing system, spreading the hazard intrinsic in venture on a cross-national field, in this way lessening the danger of lopsided stuns in the region and encouraging the flexibility of the square. This thought is much progressively significant considering the absence of political will to set up an open stun assimilation component with respect to example proposed in the Five President Report (Juncker, Tusk, Dijsselbloem, Draghi, Schulz, 2015). Additionally, various types of financing and better distribution of assets inside the Eurozone encourage the transmission channel of fiscal arrangement, upgrading the capacity of the ECB to meet its objectives (ECB 2012). European and US capital markets The common benchmark for capital markets is the US. Examinations can be made at the EU level, however once we consider the nation explicitness we have a considerably progressively complex scene. Actually huge contrasts stay between national markets, for the most part of a basic sort. At the point when the CMU activity plan was introduced, despite the fact that US and EU economies have generally a similar size, US investment advertise is multiple times EUs one and US value markets are double the EU ones in term of capitalization. Europe has a general financial scene with enormous banks covering business and venture exercises. While in the US 80% of corporate obligation financing relies upon capital markets, in the EU 90% relies upon bank financing[5]. Such reliance made the European economy defenseless when banking conditions fixed in various part States during and following the worldwide monetary emergency. Also, the budgetary emergency had a significant negative effect on securitization issuance in Europe, dropping from 594 billion euro toward the finish of 2007 to 216 billion out of 2014 (on the ascent since 2011). At last, worldwide capital prerequisite and EU banking guideline changes during the emergency affected bank loaning. Variety inside Europe Other than having an alternate framework to the one of the US on total, inside the EU there is additionally incredible minor departure from the profundity and advancement of capital markets broadly. Â â Just 9 Member states have non-banking money related intermediation above half of GDP. Disparity can be seen likewise in the securities exchange capitalization of various part states as a level of GDP. Additionally, likewise the entrance to firms and people contrast significantly among part states. Non-money related organization dependence on value issuance surpassed dependence on bank credit in just the UK and Denmark. Dependence on both value and obligation issuance surpassed dependence on bank credit in outside organization fund in just UK, Denmark, Finland, France, and Germany (European Commission, 2015a). Deterrents and boundaries in the European Union scene In the EU there are really 28 unique codes of expense, organization and indebtedness law that transnational financial specialists need to manage, hindering the smooth progression of capital between part states. Taking the case of liquidation law, various customs and level of securities for financial specialists are set up in part states. As Jey Westbrook, emeritus chief of the International Insolvency Institute featured, The Brits have consistently had a progressively thoughtful plan to sparing an indebted person in a difficult situation, Westbrook said. The Germans have had an a lot stricter view: There stays a major predisposition for the possibility that the administration of this organization messed up, theyre washouts, they likely accomplished something deceitful, the organization ought to be bankrupt and pay the lenders admirably well, and the administration ought to go join a religious community, in a manner of speaking. And afterward you have French law, which is some place i n the middle of however has significantly more accentuation on ensuring workers and securing jobs.[6]. The production of genuinely European-wide protections in addition runs into the mission for harmonization. Making a security for home-contracts, for instance, necessitates that repossession laws in part states is in a specific way homogeneous, same as the time span spent in court to uphold an agreement. Information from the World Bank working together indicators[7] show that suit in court in nations like Italy and Greece can occupy to multiple times the time spent in court in the Netherlands or Sweden. Banks ordinarily pack protections together into homogeneous gatherings (for our situation Dutch home loans stuffed together and Greek ones out of an alternate protections). Moving to a solitary market for capital would require further harmonization in national law so as to defeat national inclination. Juncker CMU activity plan After the distribution of a Green paper in February 2015 and an open meeting to accumulate master suppositions, on 30 September 2015, the Commission embraced an activity plan setting out a rundown of key measures to accomplish a genuine single market for capital in Europe. It should be completely set up by 2019. As the arrangement peruses there is no single measure that will convey a Capital Market Union, implying that a lot of activities will be attempted in the short to medium rush to encourage the progression of capital, with the point of decreasing hindrances between national outskirts. The procedure will take years, so it has not to be viewed as a repeating patch for relaunching development in a deteriorating post-emergency EU, however as a basic change in transit credit is designated all through the mainland. As sketched out in the Green Paper the Commission bolsters advertise driven arrangements when they are probably going to be successful, and administrative changes just whe re fundamental (European Commission 2015a). Other than the activity plan on CMU the commission additionally introduced two mandates on securitization: the primary structure squares of CM

Aldous Huxley wrote Brave New World out of fear of Essay Example For Students

Aldous Huxley worked Brave New World out of dread of Essay societys evident absence of ethics and degenerate conduct during the thundering twenties. Huxley accepted that what's to come was destined to a non-individualistic, conventionalist society, a general public bereft of the nuclear family, religion and human feelings. All through the novel, Huxley predicts numerous occasions for the future, a large portion of which focus on an ethically degenerate society. The most significant of these expectations include: more noteworthy sexual opportunity, over-populace, indoctrinating/rest educating, and the utilization of psyche adjusting drugs. Aldous Huxleys Brave New World cautions of a potential future oppressed world, based onsocial mentalities and clinical headways of his time. Huxleys future oppressed world is made to a great extent by distorted sexual opportunities, which thus cause degenerate people, altogether missing ethicsand ethics. Sexual wantonness has all the earmarks of being a considerably more regular movement now then it was in the Thirties. Pundits accuse the appearance of the pillfor declining ethical quality and unpredictable sexual movement. Many accept that each time medication lessens the danger of undesirable infections and pregnancies, society, all in all, will expand its sexual action. Huxleys forecast of indiscrimination depends on his iron law of sexuality: As political and financial opportunity reduces, sexual opportunity tends compensatingly to increment. A present case of Huxleys conviction is China. China is the final socialist system, it additionally experiences having one fifth of the universes populace inside its outskirts. Obviously, Chinas huge populace is an immediate aftereffect of an explicitly dynamic culture. Aldous Huxleys fears of things to come made him expound on sexual opportunity and the subsequent over-populace in Brave New World. Over-populace is another difficult which is tended to by Huxley, and is the immediate consequence of sexual opportunity. The dread which Huxley addressesconcerning populace control is: Food supplies can't develop as quick as possible, and populace development in immature nations will endanger the world request. Basically expressed the developing populace of earth will devour more than it will have the option to deliver, except if some type of regulatingbirths can be made. This is a conspicuous truth today, as a large number of individuals are starving every day. The exciting modern lifestyle that Huxley talks about, is a notice to humanity concerning its demolition of the laws of nature. For instance, marriage is prohibited, just as, pregnancies, and moms are non-existent on the grounds that potential youngsters bring about fetus removal. In Brave New World over-populace is settled by societys capacity to deliver the same number of or as not many people as are important to keep the p opulationat balance. The arrangement is unnaturally conceived children or packaged infants as they are alluded to in the book. Successful conception prevention of such an enormous populace is hard to accomplish, particularly in a general public where individuals areencouraged to be explicitly dynamic with various accomplices. Today, the world is looking over-populace head on, with blended outcomes. Premature births are not promptly acknowledged by most, and conception prevention in underdeveloped nations is for all intents and purposes inconceivable. Huxley understands the issue with mass birth control,and comprehends it by making 70% of the female populace sterile, while just 30% of the ladies stay prolific. By leaving 30% of the ladies rich, Huxley can show that despite the fact that birthcontrol for a huge scope is troublesome, it is conceivable to accomplish. Through the strict utilization of contraceptives, pregnancies once in a while happen, in any case, when a pregnancy occur s it brings about a quick fetus removal. Huxleys dread of over-populace and the control of such a significant number of individuals is an undeniable concern which becomes exposed in Brave New World. Conditioning is recommended by Aldous Huxley through controlling people, instead of the majority. While indoctrinating and rest teachingare unique (the previous being done while the subject is wakeful, and the last being done while the subject is snoozing), the two techniques utilized by Huxley, follow up on the psyche to acquire a similar conclusive outcomes. Before Brave New World, Huxley examined the Russian therapist Ivan Pavlov and his tests on hounds. The Pavlovian pooch was exposed to profoundly unpleasant conditions, this was done to show the canine how to respond to specific boosts. The final products of these tests were hounds who had been broken, turned out to be intellectually crazy. Prime human models are the veterans of

Utilitarianism Or Deontology - Free Essay Example

Moral theories evaluate morality typically on the following factors: the agent, or the persons reasoning behind the action; the action and whether the action is good or bad; or the consequences, or results of the action. Moral theories can evaluate one, two, or all three of the optionsit is all up to the theory itself in what it evaluates. Consequentialism is a broad theory that evaluates morality based on the consequences of our actions (Shafer-Landau, 122). Utilitarianism is like a branch on the tree of consequentialism, or a much more specific sub-theory of consequentialism (Shafer-Landau, 123). John Stuart Mills classic form of Utilitarianism aims for the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism focuses on actions being good if they are for the greater good; if they bring about the most possible happiness for the greatest amount of people. (Shafer-Landau, 123). The Principle of Utility is the only moral principle that utilitarians judge ethical matters with. The Principle of Utility states that actions are right if and only if they bring about the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people, and they are wrong if they do not (Shafer-Landau, 123). In Utilitarianism, the end justifies the means. Utilitarianism does not care what the action is or what your intentions were for the action. This means that no matter what action you took, your actions morality only depends on the results (Shafer-Landau, 126). According to utilitarianism, you can use whatever means to get to an end that benefits the greater good. It looks at the consequences of your actions, not the actions and not the reasoning behind your actions; only at the results. If the results are good, then it was a morally good choice. If your results are bad, then it was a morally bad choice. This means that if you set out to murder an innocent person but missed your a im and killed a terrorist that was about to set a bomb off in a building and kill fifty people, then your action was morally good. It also means that if you tried to save someones life who was drowning, but both of you ended up dying, then your actions would be morally wrong. The result is what matters in Utilitarianismif the results of your actions bring about a greater good, then you are doing the right thing. That means that you can use whatever you wanteven peopleas a means to an end, as long as that end brings about good results that promote the most well-being of the most people. (Shafer-Landau, 126). The ethical issue here is Iceland claiming to have cured Down Syndrome. Of course, any claim to have cured Down Syndrome will draw much attention. If you investigate the claim, though, youll realize that Iceland has requiring expectant mothers to be informed about the option to screen their unborn babies for Down Syndrome and other genetic disordersand giving her the option to abort the baby if she wishes, and upwards of eighty percent of women make the decision to do so (CBS News, What Kind of Society do You Want to Live in?). This has stirred up controversy on two sidesthose who think it is morally acceptable for babies with Down Syndrome to be aborted, and those who think it is morally unacceptable for babies with Down Syndrome to be aborted. For those who are utilitarians, they believe it is morally acceptable to abort babies with Down Syndrome. Utilitarianists justify their standpoint by listing some positive aspects to aborting babies with Down Syndrome. With Down Syndrome bein g at the top of the list of the ten most expensive diseases, and Icelands pride in their state-funded health care, the abortions of unborn babies with Down Syndrome is seen to save resources and money (American Magazine, Iceland Isnt Eliminating Down Syndrome). Doing so saves limited and valuable resources, spares the parents from having to raise children with genetic disorders and saves the time, money, and energy of the parents. It also gives the mother the right to do as she wishes with her own body and life (Iceland Magazine, Fact Check). Aborting babies screened positive also avoids people with Down Syndrome living low quality lives and spends less money from healthcare and insurance. The arguments against aborting babies with Down Syndrome are that it denies babies with genetic disorders the right to life and could be a gross violation of human rights. This makes it comparable to genocide, or the targeting of removing specific groups of people from the world (Psychology Today, Iceland ?Cures Down Syndrome). Some argue that it isnt an actual cure (Psychology Today, Iceland ?Cures Down Syndrome). Another argument is that it violates Gods command of protecting innocent life and being commanded to not commit murder, though pro-abortionists argue that it is not murder. Aborting babies with Down Syndrome also reduces the status of the unborn baby, or unborn person, to the that of an item, or a thing that has ended. (The Washington Post, Whats the Real Down Syndrome Problem). While Utilitarianism does consider happinessthe happiness of all, to be specificas a part of ethics, Deontology doesnt include happiness in the evaluation of morality (Shafer-Landau, 126). Deontology is the study of moral duties, or moral commands (Shafer-Landau, 160). In Deontology, the aim is not happiness, making others feel good, doing good because it feels good to help others, etc. The aim of Deontology is to do good because it is good (Shafer-Landau 169). Deontologys moral duties are unconditional, which means that doing the right thing for the right reasonbecause it is a good thing to dois the only acceptable reason to do something (Shafer-Landau 169).. This means that if you save someones life because it makes you feel good, because you would want someone to save your life someday, etc.; then youre not making the right moral decision, because you arent doing it for the right reason. The only acceptable reason that makes an action morally good or acceptable is if youre doing something simply because its the right thing to do. Weve covered that in Deontology, our moral duties must be treated as ends in themselves. But what does Deontology say about people? People must be treated as ends in themselves as well, and never as a means only (Shafer-Landau, 176). The Principle of Humanity explains this in detail. According to the Principle of Humanity, we can only use people as a means to an end if they are aware of it and consent to it (Shafer-Landau, 176-177). An example of this would be asking someone if you can borrow five dollars from them and they agree to it only if you pay them back later. However, if you steal five dollars from someone, then that would be using them only as a means to an endtreating them as an item, an ATM machineand it would therefore be immoral. The Principle of Humanity states that people are not thingspeople are people and should be treated as so, worthy of respect and inherent dignity. In other words, people are ends in themselves and should not be used as items or reduced to the status of an item. Deontology has a very opposing moral view compared to Utilitarianism on the ethical issue of Down Syndrome abortions in Iceland being claimed as a cure. According to Deontologists, it would be morally wrong to abort the unborn baby for having Down Syndrome because it would be using the unborn baby as a means to an end. Some positive aspects of the Deontology standpoint are: first and foremost, it protects all human l ife, innocent life, and doesnt violate human rights to life. It makes it clear where the line is drawn for who is qualified for human rights to lifewhich is everyone. Deontologys ethical reasoning in this situation avoids future psychological pain parents could endure like regret, guilt, anguish, or loss (CBS News, What Kind of Society do You Want to Live in?); and physical pain or complications from abortion procedures that parents could endure. Deontology, while not on a religious level, also obeys Gods commands to protect innocent life and to not commit murder. Another positive aspect of this standpoint is that it doesnt target a specific group of people. Deontology allows the unborn baby a chance to life without others deciding for them. However, there are some negatives to Deontologys standpointit violates womans right of doing as she wants with her own body (Iceland Magazine, Fact Check), which is a controversial issue when it comes to abortion as some will argue that it is not only her body involved but also another humans. While parents are allowed to make choices medically for their own children until the child is a certain age, but pro-abortion arguments justify this by calling the unborn baby a fetus and reducing it to be an item: which brings the argument back around to where the line is drawn in Utilitarianism. Not aborting the unborn baby uses more resources, and forces parents to raise an unwanted child, result ing in more time, money, and energy on the parents and taxpayerss part. The child could have also had a low quality of life from the different health issues and treatments they may receive (The Washington Post, Whats the Real Down Syndrome Problem). Lastly, more children could end up for adoption or in the foster home system if less children are aborted. Iceland, while screening for babies with Down Syndrome and aborting them, may not be forcing the parents or mother to abortbut giving her the option could be persuading enough to compromise the autonomy of the patient. (CBS News, Behind the Lens). The first issue here is the autonomy of the patientsthe pregnant mother and the unborn child. Kacy Cherry emphasizes that, That question alone, according to Ingadottir, pushes women to view Down Syndrome negatively, as something to be screened out (CBS News, Behind the Lens). If the mother is in any way being persuaded â€Å"with the option of being able to have the screening for her baby, or by being told that most women do it (CBS News, What Kind of Society do You Want to Live in?)the autonomy of one of the doctors patients could be under some influence. Also, the baby does not have any choice or voice for itself and its rights to l ife when it comes to abortion under current laws and medical procedures. Wouldnt having a right to live be better than having no life at all? Some argue that it would avoid misery and a low quality of life for people with genetic disorders to be aborted. But how are we to judge the quality of someone elses life? Quality of life varies from person to person, no matter the circumstances. Not to mention, the Average life expectancy is now around 60 years, up from around 25 years four decades ago, when many Down Syndrome people were institutionalized or otherwise isolated, denied education and other stimulation, and generally not treated as people (The Washington Post, Whats the Real Down Syndrome Problem). We cannot judge someone elses life and the amount of happiness they have in it, only our own life. Aborting unborn babies with genetic disorders draws a very shaky line of the rights of human life and who is qualified for those rights. The rules of abortion should be very clear and consistent. The unborn human should have the same rights to lifeand their own bodyas the mother does. Aborting unborn humans on certain conditions could also qualify as genocide, targeting a specific group of people (Psychology Today, Iceland Cures Down Syndrome). Using Deontology protects innocent life for the right reasonbecause it is the right thing to do. Deontology treats human beings as human beings, regardless of age, gender, genetic abnormality, etc. Deontologys standpoint on the ethical issue going on in Iceland is one that I can agree withthat all human beings are inherently valuable. While I agree with Deontologys standpoint on an ethical level all by itself, I also agree with this on a moral l evel from my own personal beliefs and religion. Firstly, I agree with the view of human beings having inherent value because every person should have the right to life. Deontologys moral theory protects any future children I may have and protects all of the people around me from being killed, aborted, or screened out (CBS News, Behind the Lens) of society. It protects my personal life decisions and medical situations from being manipulated by any doctors or government parties. With this standpoint, I am denied the right to have an abortion. In this situation specifically, I side with Deontology because it prevents unnecessary and grey area abortions, though I do disagree on all abortion being ruled out completely. In my view, abortion should only be allowed if it is a survival situation in which both the mother and child could die or the mother could die if she continues her pregnancy. Deontology does have some negatives for me as well. Out of the two, I would be happy to oblige with its rules because I feel it is the lesser of tw o evils. My viewpoints on this are also from a Christian perspectiveGod has told me that I should never commit murder. As Deontology clearly defines what or who qualifies as a human, I have a clear understanding that by doing the right thing and valuing human life inherently, then I am morally doing the right thing. God has also assigned inherent value to human life, and by following Deontologys perspective, I am not only doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do but also following my religion and the commandments of God. God has given us free will to make whatever choices we want in life, but he wants us to make the right choice because it is the right thing to do. In the Bible, there is a passage that I feel explains my previous sentence much more solidly, I have set before you life and death, blessings and curses. Now choose life, so that you and your children may live. (Deuteronomy 30:19). There is a wide variety of opinions and beliefs in any culturally diverse society. According to Deontology, women would not be permitted to have an abortion period. I find this a better option than allowing women to decide whether their childanother human beingshould have the right to live or not. However, there is some shaky ground hereI do believe that women should have the right to abortion if her life is in danger. Deontology does not give us this option, but overall, I find Deontologys theory a much better approach for everyones moral evaluation than Utilitarianisms theory as Deontology protects all human lives. We all have a secure right to live. No one would be allowed to use anyones life as merely a means to an end. It protects all innocent lives and unborn lives. Lastly, Deontology protects the autonomy of patients without doctor or government influence. These are all matters that should be respected no matter a persons age, gender, race, religion, disability or not, etc. Ul timately, when deciding between Deontology and Utilitarianism, Deontology is the lesser of two evilsand in the long run, it protects all of us, no matter our age, gender, race, religion, whether we have a disability or not, etc. for the long run, and grants us more solid rights that cannot be bent against others opinions.

Rachel Carsons Silent Spring Free Essay Example, 750 words

The book illuminates the mind into the reality of the decaying world. The deposits and residues were now threatening the lives of innocent consumers of these industrial commodities as well as agricultural goods. "The sight and sound of drifting ribbons of waterfowl across an evening sky harbored danger. " Soil bacteria and fungi become a "horde of minute but ceaselessly toiling creatures". She also brings up to memory the incident in Florida where two children died after using a paper that once contained a pesticide called parathion to repair sewing. Their three friends fell ill. Amongst other occurrences, should have been a wakeup call. It is with a brilliance that she takes on the manufacturers, acting as nature s watchdog. These chemicals are carcinogenic. The futility of relying on them or any new substitutes offered to counteract the swift evolution of immunity to chemical control shown by more and more insects and fungus diseases. Dr. W. C. Hueper of the National Cancer Institute has given DDT the definite rating of a chemical carcinogen -a cancer inducer. Storage of DDT begins with the smallest conceivable intake of the chemical, which is present as residues on most foodstuffs, and continues until high levels are reached. We will write a custom essay sample on Rachel Carson's Silent Spring or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The fatty storage depots act as biological magnifiers, so that the intake of as little as one-tenth of 1 part per million in the diet results, in the storage of about 10 to 15 parts per million, an increase of one hundredfold or more. In animal experiments, 3 parts per million have been found to inhibit an essential enzyme in heart muscle. The other side effect of these chemicals that is mind-blowing is that they do cause mutation as long term use side effects. This is so scary that their products should not even occur. Who wants a baby who is malfunctioned? Or has missing parts? We have to sensitize the community against all these. The wildlife will be negatively affected if we play blame games or give a deaf ear to Carson s advice, these include the fish in the sea where the residue of this pesticide tends to have a final destination. These insidious poisons end up killing so many living things.

Essay on Depression - 1024 Words

Depression is a state of despondency marked by feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness. Depression reflects a sad and/or irritable mood exceeding typical grief or sadness. Furthermore, such sadness of depression is characterized by a greater intensity and duration. People tend to see themselves as failing even if they are not. Depression is one of the most prevalent emotional problems. External experiences often initiate depression. For example, problems of financial nature, a loss of a loved one, a serious illness, difficulties in the relationship, or any other uninvited changes in life can cause a depressive episode. According to medicinenet.com, â€Å"a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors is involved in the†¦show more content†¦An imbalance or deficiency of the neurotransmitters, serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine are implicated in depression, although it may be a change in receptor function, and not neurotransmitter concentration, that causes depression. (www.brainexplorer.com) Depressive signs and symptoms are characterized not only by negative thoughts, moods, and behaviors but also by specific changes in bodily functions such as crying spells, body aches, as well as problems with eating, weight, and sleeping, and low energy or libido. Depression affects all aspects of one’s life. A depressed person is more likely to be in the dark, gloomy mood at all times of the day. They often are sleep deprived persons with low self-esteem and self-confidence. Depressed people feel sad, lonely, find it difficult to complete their daily tasks because of fatigue, and typically complain a lot. Because of the depression, persons can may insensitive remarks to their partners, be angry or uncaring, and often completely withdraw from the relationship. Depression negatively affects relationships because the partners of the depressed suffer when someone they love gives nothing back but negativity. Partners find it more difficult to connect to their depressed loved ones in everyday life or in spirit. Therefore, untreatedShow MoreRelatedDepression : Depression And Depression927 Words   |  4 Pagesthe word Depression. Now that I am older I know not to use that term so loosely because depression is a disorder that is very serious. According to the Mayo Clinic Depression, also known as major depressive disorder is a mood disorder that causes a feeling of sadness and a loss of interest. 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Impact of Global E-commerce Standards

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Global E-commerce Standards. Answer: Introduction With increase in popularity and huge potential offered by internet in commercial application, it is no wonder that e-commerce has evolved as an immensely important and also interesting business platform. E-commerce has large effects on economy and almost every country largely depends on e-commerce as a process for conducting financial transaction online. E-commerce focuses on procedures by which all type of information gets exchanged. In todays realms of corporate functions, e-commerce has very much a business to business affair with some focus on business to customer types of transactions. E-commerce cannot be confined to a clear cut meaning (Czinkota et al, 2009). The main aspect entails business transactions with the support of internet. This is also looked upon as a platform that incorporates application of technology for ensuring financial transactions effectively. Thus this popular process and platform involves participants who are business firms, individual persons and also go vernment. Way of doing business by many corporate is revolutionized by internet with convenience and fast operation as vital priorities. Organisations in Developed nations like UK and US are shifting to brick and mortar stores giving a thought that people in the countries are willing to shop online for enjoying flawless shopping experience (Da Costa, 2016). Ecommerce standards are vital for enabling business houses and their associates to automate business process especially, the buying as well as selling processes. The standards provide formats, rules and data patterns which are necessary for exchanging electronic procurement orders, shipping messages, and desires for quotes, repair orders and invoice and so on (Sohaib and Kang, 2012). This literature review is focussed on discussions of some e-commerce standards and their impacts. Opinions of several authors and their opinions with shades of arguments have featured in this literature review. Important Research Variables B2B data standards are well-liked tools which are considered useful for ensuring standardization within self-governing corporate. Generally these firms work together in supply chain so that to obtain maximum levels of effectiveness. The maximum useful aspect is that, businesses among the firms get simplified by offering a general and common pattern of business system. Czinkota et al, (2009) stated that there are many functions for which they have been developed and the functions are quality assurance, production, and information technology and so on. Some challenging standards emerged with the improvement in technology and internet from late 90s and the standards were developed with the aim for supporting areas of e-commerce in business to business transactions (Solaymani, Sohaili and Yazdinejad, 2012). The internet popularity has brought about a model named do it yourself which enables a company regardless of size, to develop own e-commerce standards. Da Costa, (2016) argued that due to this, the possible and likely happening was growth of many useful business standards being structured to mechanize business processes that are trade specific. This has created a riddle among many like which one is more vital and which one is least effective. It is obvious that in a value chain there are so many participants and they, for the sake of business have the same opinion on a common standard, while most viable one sometimes do not get considered as stated by Doong and Ho, (2012). This is possibly due to existence of many standards being developed. A rather logical and meticulous selection of standards may benefit the companies, else the standards hardly get any justification. But confusion exists as pointed out by Gong, (2009) that if there an aspect is where having many standards hold back collaboration among companies in supply chain. Koh, Fichman and Kraut, (2012) stressed on long tail perception that introduces itself as a structure which measures the benefits an d disadvantages too, meted out by growth of technical standards in the areas of supply chain processes. Regarding this, Koh, Fichman and Kraut, (2012) expressed similar view as Doong and Ho, (2012) have. Long tail as a concept to know mass market performance- Behaviour of mass gets measured by this perception and Koh, Fichman and Kraut, (2012) suggested that a substantial portion of populace will embrace some of the manners which are most widely accepted and some other remaining population selects some niche approaches which are not popular as previously stated. Laudon and Traver, (2016) argued that the long tail exemplified how virtual business structures created by some pioneers have made a latest economic pattern for the industry in the field of internet. EDI or electronic data interchange has its dominion and others cater to niche section. The functionality of EDI was like building capacity of business to exchange information with another electronically applying standard format described by joint working group like government-industry participants (Eames et al, 2014). But as observed and stated by Koh, Fichman and Kraut, (2012), EDI application was mainly concentrated among large corporate while relatively small business could not afford it due to large expenditures associated with the data transmissions. For e-commerce in B2B segments, technology and economics had a changed paradigm. Hyper text transfer protocol and file transfer protocol invigorating e-commerce and freeing it from conventional networking models applied in EDI (Bthe and Mattli, 2011). XML came into effect as an open standard for allowing information sharing among trade applications. With the growth and popularity of XML at the beginning of this decade, some other st andards also grew. According to Mehta and Shah, (2011), E-commerce standards in B2B were in use in major industries along with some sub-sectors. In sub sector like poultry and meat, creator of XML had a notion that this subsector needs a separate norm as these products have uneven weights that very often creates inconsistent measurements of packaging and highly custom-made price structures (Yunis et al, 2012). According to Koh, Fichman and Kraut, (2012), PIES became a standard that is product information exchange standard for cataloguing parts of cars by electronic means. Suppliers distribute catalogues by electronic means and retailers in automotive aftermarket find this convenient to upload these on the system for ordering parts. Niche and Global E-commerce Standards - a Comparison Lee and Carter, (2012), argued that flexibility in technology along with industry specialization would not have been achievable by conventional EDI and only new XML norms are useful, while Mehta and Shah, (2011) stressed that XML standards are not successful to be an effective substitute of EDI. Some left over B2B transactions are on the basis of EDI. Global financial service segment finds a standard which is non XML and is called SWIFT FIN message format as useful and noteworthy to be utilised. Comparatively small sized business partners use other standards in some sectors. Lee and Carter, (2012), argued in favour of the new XML standards by stressing that traditionally EDI is hardly of any help to support framework of e-commerce to facilitate cooperation among business houses. Consumer packaged goods- In between suppliers of goods, materials and packaging and manufacturers of consumer packaged products, four separate models of order fulfilment get used. While the models could be controlled by EDI, still it is decided by the industry that a different standard for customisation is of importance and requirement. High technology- PIPs are template called partner interface processes and some new variants of PIPs for end of life notifications for product are useful and with EDI, such specific templates were not realistic as asserted by Laudon and Traver, (2016). Niche standards also require a review and have some downsides. Although within a particular market segment, green coffee XML has effectiveness but possibilities are also high of this, to cause the e-commerce more complex. According to Thomas, (2010) from the perspectives of business associates in neighbouring sector. In B2B, EDI is used by government agencies that charge tax on importing as well as exporting activities. Corporate that deals in consumer packaged goods, freight carriers in ground and ocean use EDI. Thomas, (2010) suggested that, when it comes to complete value chain then as a separate standard, Green coffee XML is not the realistic one. Method of Analysis Difference of standards through sectors has impact beyond only making technology management more complicated. While competing standards are in use among sellers and purchasers then business relationships build up and transactions get delayed lot of times thus keeping business and inter relationship vulnerable many times. Purwati, (2011) viewed that large retail and automobile companies with purchasing capacity dictates standards for B2B to their suppliers. Recently there is consolidation of some standards like Global standards1 that supports specification in package labelling like RFID and bar codes. Laudon and Traver, (2016) stated that industry like pharmaceuticals and health care has achieved focus of GS1. Amidst many existing standards like EDI and XML and non XML, new consolidated standards like Global standars1 and OAGI called as Open Application Group have achieved noteworthy appreciation in some industries. OAGI is merged with CIDX that harmonize standards among numerous industries which reap the benefits of the standards. Lee and Carter, (2012) argued that although these standards are popular but still their fruition in field of ecommerce is not beyond confusion in full measures. Business to Cope with Numerous Standards Multiple standards when keep corporate in the dilemma to choose most viable one and puts pressure on them to cope properly. Sometimes businesses lose to reap advantage of framework of ecommerce designed for their specific sectors. Eventually they fall in a position to apply simplified standards to ensure interaction with their associates in different sectors. Sometimes these efforts become costly for the companies. Thomas, (2010) suggested that, by these activities firms can achieve competitive advantage which comes through niche standards whilst keeping up a large level of interoperability among industries. B2B e-commerce has somewhat become complex for rise of many standards in the last decades. Firms face more challenges to cooperate by electronic means in industries. This requires companies to spend more time to share information among them using varied standards and this sometimes become hugely cumbersome as stated by (Zhu and Thatcher, 2010). Among some upheavals that are sometimes obvious in the standards, the advantageous aspect of the overall e-commerce platform cannot be undermined and these necessitate the existence of the standards. Zhu and Thatcher, (2010), emphasised that business can enjoy rapid growth from the inherent scalability and flexibility of e-commerce. Business can quickly adapt to market demands to satisfy needs of their clients. Companies can ensure more transparency to their clients in terms of offers by them in comparison to offers made available by competitors (Bauer, N?mcov and Dvo?k, 2010). Laudon and Traver, (2016) argued that marketers and customers earlier used to have little volume of knowledge about each other while customers had little knowledge about products and marketers rarely could understand the actual or potential customers. E-commerce is of usefulness in this facet. Da Costa, (2016) stated that few e-commerce standards are hugely accepted and bundled into modern procurement system. These standards are of some benefits to companies and this cannot be ignored in modern day business particularly in aviation industry. Businesses have requirement to have protection from diverse standards at the application level. Zhu and Thatcher, (2010) stated that using the same procedure to e-commerce in the segment of B2B, SAP and oracle the ERP vendors offer a collection of embedded maps which can transform data in and out of standard design. Thomas, (2010) argued that reverse trend come into existence as ERP vendors contribute to the growth of standards. Gaps in Literature This literature review posits several ideas and arguments that have been put forth by several authors. Thus this literature review has got into a shape of argumentative article that sheds knowledge. The apparent knowledge summation does not have any gap, but still some gaps are somewhat obvious in this literature review and the gaps need to be mentioned here. Czinkota et al, (2009) stated e-commerce takes its stride to mould virtual business with global standards packed in it, the very pace of this get hindered due to several disadvantages which do not have always to do with standards. Nonetheless these needed a mention which got away to be included in this literature review. Thomas, (2010) expressed concern saying that If security is not properly augmented then customers privacy can be intruded on. Thus customers need to be ensured by the companies regarding regulatory compliance for security of privacy. Products sometimes are demonstrated along with competitive offers repeatedly fr om big retailers and better price can be accessed. For this reason, sometimes retailers suffer as they cannot achieve as much sales as expected. Returns of products and fake complaints rate become higher as customers often order products online and at the time of receiving the products other than by visiting stores in person they change their mind and tend to return the products on the pretext of faulty products (Thomas, 2010). To put it basically, they try to take chance of return policies which is in actual framed for the convenience of the customers. Big companies generally do not face problems while the small and medium firms suffer a lot due to this. All these apart, skill gap among the people handling ecommerce from the back end render this entire platform and process too complex and difficult to be implemented and even a most effective standard of e-commerce is of little help then. Conclusion In modern times both sellers and purchasers are dependent on each others. Customers expect better products and knowledge of products before arriving at a purchase decisions and buyers depend on customers as sales volume depends on their final purchase decisions. Companies in ecommerce business also look for coordination that becomes easy at affordable cost with help of ecommerce. Ecommerce depends on several standards which govern the process. Existence of numerous standards often poses difficulties for business to select the most feasible option Purwati, (2011) stated that EDI had its dominance earlier and arguments prevail when it comes to efficacy level of the various standards. XML as an open standard enables knowledge sharing among business applications. B2B is vital ecommerce segments and looks for ideal set of standards in the field of ecommerce. Challenges due to the standards, crop up which need to be resisted at the application level. There are many useful aspects of e-comm erce as economy has substantial dependence on the rising platform of trade and commerce (Zhu and Thatcher, 2010). Cooperation among business firms can ensue better results along with focus on standards to be more tailored to the needs of businesses and their applications. Ecommerce has just begun to rise to have more beneficial impact on businesses and existent standards and imminent if are any may be of great help with adequate focus for realistic application suited to business needs. References Bauer, O., N?mcov, Z. and Dvo?k, J., 2010. E-Commerce and its Impact on Customer Strategy. Economics Management. Bojnec, . and Fertoe, I., 2009. Impact of the internet on manufacturing trade.Journal of Computer Information Systems,50(1), pp.124-132. Bthe, T. and Mattli, W., 2011.The new global rulers: The privatization of regulation in the world economy. Princeton University Press. Czinkota, M.R., Ronkainen, I., Moffett, M.H., Marinova, S. and Marinov, M., 2009.International business. Wiley. Da Costa, E., 2016.Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Doong, S.H. and Ho, S.C., 2012. The impact of ICT development on the global digital divide.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,11(5), pp.518-533. Eames, M., Berkhout, F., Hertin, J., Hawkins, R. and Mackerron, G., 2014. 2 E-topia? Scenarios for e-commerce and sustainability. Digital Futures: Living in a Networked World, 39. Gong, W., 2009. National culture and global diffusion of business-to-consumer e-commerce.Cross cultural management: an international journal,16(1), pp.83-101. Koh, T.K., Fichman, M. and Kraut, R.E., 2012. Trust across borders: Buyer-supplier trust in global Business-to-Business e-commerce. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C., 2016.E-Commerce 2016: Business, Technology, Society. Pearson Higher Ed. Lee, K. and Carter, S., 2012.Global marketing management. Oxford University Press. Mehta, K.T. and Shah, V., 2011. E-commerce: The next global frontier for small businesses.Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR),17(1). Purwati, Y., 2011. Standard features of e-commerce user interface for the web.Researchers World,2(3), p.77. Sohaib, O. and Kang, K., 2012. The Effect of Technology, Human and Social Networks in Serviceable Cross-Culture Business to-Consumer (B2C) Websites. Journal of Internet and e-Business Studies, 2012, p.1. Solaymani, S., Sohaili, K. and Yazdinejad, E.A., 2012. Adoption and use of e-commerce in SMEs. Electronic Commerce Research, 12(3), pp.249-263. Thomas, B. ed., 2010.E-Commerce Adoption and Small Business in the Global Marketplace: Tools for Optimization: Tools for Optimization. IGI Global. Yunis, M.M., Koong, K.S., Liu, L.C., Kwan, R. and Tsang, P., 2012. ICT maturity as a driver to global competitiveness: a national level analysis. International Journal of Accounting Information Management, 20(3), pp.255-281. Zhu, L. and Thatcher, S.M., 2010. National information ecology: a new institutional economics perspective on global e-commerce adoption.Journal of Electronic Commerce Research,11(1), p.53.

Methodology of data collection

Introduction This section focuses on various aspects of data collection. It includes methods of data collection, analysis and presentation. Every research project applies a certain research method to achieve its objectives depending on its goals. In this research, the researchers were interested in gathering information about issues related to bullying.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Methodology of data collection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researchers interviewed sampled respondents in three different companies; large companies, middle sized and small companies. This was important in ensuring that the data gathered was free from bias. The researchers interviewed the managers of these firms and the employees in order to have views from both sides. This would enhance validity (Crotty 2003, p. 76). The questionnaire were very important in this research because it was the tool through which relevant data was gathered from the research population. Different groups were assigned different roles. The first group of two individuals formulated the questionnaires while the other members formed another group for data collection.During data collection process, members were assigned different roles in different groups. In each group, there would be an indivdual who would be interviewing the respondents, another would be recording the response, while the third person would observe non verbal cues from the respondents that would be useful in data analysis. These groups were asssigned regions where they would colletct data. Hypothesis H0. There is no relatiohsip between poor service delivery and bullying in the organization. Research Model There is one major methods used to gather information in this report. Data was gathered through the questionaire, which was administered physically by the group member the staff of the three different companies. It is attached to this document. The questiona ire sought to capture various attutudes of staff at the three different companies regarding their performance attitude towards bullying. Open ended questions were used because they give respondents more time to figure out their opinions, which would make them volunteer more information related to felings, outlooks and comprehension of the subject (Leedy Ormrod 2005, p. 12).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would allow a researcher to understand the position of respondents as regards to bullying. Nonetheless, closed-ended questions are compatible with computer analysis package (Creswell 2003, p. 23). The technique is more specific meaning that its answers are consistent in all conditions. Ethical Issues Ethics is an important aspect of any research. Ethics means proper or professional research, which is conducted in the best traditions of the discipline. The research ne eds to observe researcher-respondent relations, which deals with the welfare of the respondent. Honesty, sincerity, justice and responsibility should guide researcher-researcher relationships meaning there should be not criticism. Criticism should not be based on polemic, personal biases or collective interests. Professional ethics means accuracy in data collection, data processing and application of relevant research methods (Hakim 2000, p. 6). In this report, issues related to ethics were addressed by giving relevant notice to the researched. Data Analysis Data obtained would be analyzed with the aid of computer software referred to as SPSS. Since acquired data is quantitative in nature, SPSS analysis would be simple. The major aim of this quantitative report was to ensure reliability, validity and generalization of a problem in its patent prediction of cause and effect. Validity is utilized in establishing whether a study measures what it is projected to measure and to estimate t he truth of the outcomes. The researcher ensured that both internal and external validities were observed in the study. Internal validity was catered for through careful manipulation of the results. List of References Creswell, J 2003, Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches, Sage, Thousand Oaks. Crotty, M 2003, The Foundations of Social Research: meaning and perspective in the research process, Sage, London.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Methodology of data collection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hakim, C 2000, Research Design: Sucessful Designs for Social and Economic Research, Routledge, New York. Leedy, P Ormrod 2005, Practical Research: Planning and Design, Pearson, Prentice Hall. This report on Methodology of data collection was written and submitted by user Camilo Graves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.